Air traffic modernization and control: ADS-B system implementation update 2022: A review

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is a multiparameter surveillance system designed to improve key segments of air traffic: enabling real-time surveillance, raising safety and efficiency levels, and improving flight information and weather services. ADS-B consists of two subsystems, ADS-B Out and ADS-B In. Although only a complete system, ADS-B In/Out provides numerous benefits (additional situational awareness, more efficient oceanic routing, etc.) FAA and EASA only require ADS-B Out (by January and June 2020, respectively), whereby ADS-B In remains optional. Because of its many advantages, ADS-B In/Out will be popular, but there are some weaknesses, which are primarily related to its cyber vulnerabilities due to insufficient authentication and encryption in the applied protocol. In this paper, an overview of the ADS-B system is presented as an aid to understanding the security problems and the different ways of potential attack. In addition, this review deals with the current state of ADS-B deployment and its future perspective and challenges